diff --git a/spec/requests/api/article_categories_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/article_categories_spec.rb
index 937f2690..c8b60984 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/article_categories_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/article_categories_spec.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe 'Article Categories', type: :request do
         let(:id) { create(:article_category, name: 'dairy').id }
         run_test!
       end
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id(:article_category)
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
       it_cannot_find_object
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_classes_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_classes_spec.rb
index 9e0bd1a6..2e3b76c4 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_classes_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_classes_spec.rb
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe 'Financial Transaction Classes', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id :financial_transaction
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
       it_cannot_find_object 'financial transaction class not found'
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_types_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_types_spec.rb
index 94caacf4..6ad8b07b 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_types_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/financial_transaction_types_spec.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe 'Financial Transaction types', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id :financial_transaction_type
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
       it_cannot_find_object 'financial transaction type not found'
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/financial_transactions_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/financial_transactions_spec.rb
index aa9afaeb..e683ea0b 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/financial_transactions_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/financial_transactions_spec.rb
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ describe 'Financial Transaction', type: :request do
         let(:id) { FinancialTransaction.create(user: user).id }
         run_test!
       end
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id :financial_transaction
-      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id :financial_transaction
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
+      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id
       it_cannot_find_object 'financial transaction not found'
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/orders_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/orders_spec.rb
index 05eea3e2..500b1aa0 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/orders_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/orders_spec.rb
@@ -42,17 +42,20 @@ describe 'Orders', type: :request do
       id_url_param
 
       let(:order) { create(:order) }
-      let(:id) { order.id }
 
       response '200', 'success' do
         schema type: :object, properties: {
           '$ref': '#/components/schemas/Order'
         }
+        let(:id) { order.id }
 
         run_test! do |response|
           expect(JSON.parse(response.body)['order']['id']).to eq order.id
         end
       end
+
+      it_handles_invalid_token_and_scope
+      it_cannot_find_object 'order not found'
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/user/financial_transactions_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/user/financial_transactions_spec.rb
index 1eca1895..d5ff820c 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/user/financial_transactions_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/user/financial_transactions_spec.rb
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id :financial_transaction
-      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id(:financial_transaction, 'user has no ordergroup, is below minimum balance, self service is disabled, or missing scope')
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
+      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id 'user has no ordergroup, is below minimum balance, self service is disabled, or missing scope'
 
       response '404', 'financial transaction type not found' do
         schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error404'
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         end
       end
 
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id :financial_transaction
-      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id :financial_transaction, 'user has no ordergroup or missing scope'
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
+      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id 'user has no ordergroup or missing scope'
       it_cannot_find_object 'financial transaction not found'
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/requests/api/user/group_order_articles_spec.rb b/spec/requests/api/user/group_order_articles_spec.rb
index e451fb10..7a6e5ecf 100644
--- a/spec/requests/api/user/group_order_articles_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/api/user/group_order_articles_spec.rb
@@ -80,12 +80,8 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      # 401
-      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id(:group_order_article)
-
-      # 403
-      # description: user has no ordergroup, is below minimum balance, self service is disabled, or missing scope
-      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id(:group_order_article, 'user has no ordergroup, order not open, is below minimum balance, has not enough apple points, or missing scope')
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
+      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id 'user has no ordergroup, order not open, is below minimum balance, has not enough apple points, or missing scope'
 
       # 404
       response '404', 'order article not found in open orders' do
@@ -125,32 +121,11 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         end
       end
 
-      # 401
-      response 401, 'not logged-in' do
-        let(:Authorization) { 'abc' }
-        schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error401'
-        run_test!
-      end
-      # 403
-      response 403, 'user has no ordergroup or missing scope' do
-        let(:api_scopes) { ['none'] }
-        schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error403'
-        run_test!
-      end
-      # 404
-      response '404', 'group order article not found' do
-        schema type: :object, properties: {
-          group_order_article: {
-            type: :object,
-            items: {
-              '$ref': '#/components/schemas/GroupOrderArticle'
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        let(:id) { 'invalid' }
-        run_test!
-      end
+      it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
+      it_cannot_find_object 'group order article not found'
     end
+
     patch 'update a group order article (but delete if quantity and tolerance are zero)' do
       tags 'User', 'GroupOrderArticle'
       consumes 'application/json'
@@ -235,12 +210,7 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      # 401
-      response 401, 'not logged-in' do
-        let(:Authorization) { 'abc' }
-        schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error401'
-        run_test!
-      end
+      it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
 
       # 403
       response 403, 'user has no ordergroup, order not open, is below minimum balance, has not enough apple points, or missing scope' do
@@ -249,8 +219,7 @@ describe 'User', type: :request do
         run_test!
       end
 
-      # 404
-      it_cannot_find_object('order article not found in open orders')
+      it_cannot_find_object 'order article not found in open orders'
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/support/api_helper.rb b/spec/support/api_helper.rb
index 233f6584..0727356b 100644
--- a/spec/support/api_helper.rb
+++ b/spec/support/api_helper.rb
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ module ApiHelper
       end
     end
 
-    def self.it_handles_invalid_token_with_id(class_sym)
+    def self.it_handles_invalid_token_with_id
       context 'with invalid access token' do
         let(:Authorization) { 'abc' }
-        let(:id) { create(class_sym).id }
+        let(:id) { 42 } # id doesn't matter here
 
         response 401, 'not logged-in' do
           schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error401'
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ module ApiHelper
       end
     end
 
-    def self.it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id(class_sym, description = 'missing scope')
+    def self.it_handles_invalid_scope_with_id(description = 'missing scope')
       context 'with invalid scope' do
         let(:api_scopes) { ['none'] }
-        let(:id) { create(class_sym).id }
+        let(:id) { 42 } # id doesn't matter here
 
         response 403, description do
           schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error403'
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ module ApiHelper
     def self.it_cannot_find_object(description = 'not found')
       let(:id) { 'invalid' }
 
-
       response 404, description do
         schema '$ref' => '#/components/schemas/Error404'
         run_test!