config/test.exs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ config :mv, Mv.Repo,
   pool_size: System.schedulers_online() * 8,
   queue_target: 5000,
   queue_interval: 1000,
-  timeout: 30_000
+  timeout: 60_000
 
 # We don't run a server during test. If one is required,
 # you can enable the server option below.

lib/accounts/user.ex

@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
         identity_field :email
         hash_provider AshAuthentication.BcryptProvider
         confirmation_required? false
+
+        resettable do
+          sender Mv.Accounts.User.Senders.SendPasswordResetEmail
+        end
       end
     end
   end
@@ -115,6 +119,8 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
       argument :member, :map, allow_nil?: true
       upsert? true
 
+      # Note: Default role is automatically assigned via attribute default (see attributes block)
+
       # Manage the member relationship during user creation
       change manage_relationship(:member, :member,
                # Look up existing member and relate to it
@@ -239,6 +245,8 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
       upsert? true
       # Upsert based on oidc_id (primary match for existing OIDC users)
       upsert_identity :unique_oidc_id
+      # On upsert, only update email - preserve existing role_id
+      upsert_fields [:email]
 
       validate &__MODULE__.validate_oidc_id_present/2
 
@@ -261,6 +269,9 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
       # - The LinkOidcAccountLive will auto-link passwordless users without password prompt
       validate Mv.Accounts.User.Validations.OidcEmailCollision
 
+      # Note: Default role is automatically assigned via attribute default (see attributes block)
+      # upsert_fields [:email] ensures existing users' roles are preserved during upserts
+
       # Sync user email to member when linking (User → Member)
       change Mv.EmailSync.Changes.SyncUserEmailToMember
     end
@@ -379,6 +390,15 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
 
     attribute :hashed_password, :string, sensitive?: true, allow_nil?: true
     attribute :oidc_id, :string, allow_nil?: true
+
+    # Role assignment: Explicitly defined to enforce default value
+    # This ensures every user has a role, regardless of creation path
+    # (register_with_password, create_user, seeds, etc.)
+    attribute :role_id, :uuid do
+      allow_nil? false
+      default &__MODULE__.default_role_id/0
+      public? false
+    end
   end
 
   relationships do
@@ -388,10 +408,13 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
     belongs_to :member, Mv.Membership.Member
 
     # 1:1 relationship - User belongs to a Role
-    # This automatically creates a `role_id` attribute in the User table
-    # The relationship is optional (allow_nil? true by default)
+    # We define role_id ourselves (above in attributes) to control default value
     # Foreign key constraint: on_delete: :restrict (prevents deleting roles assigned to users)
-    belongs_to :role, Mv.Authorization.Role
+    belongs_to :role, Mv.Authorization.Role do
+      define_attribute? false
+      source_attribute :role_id
+      allow_nil? false
+    end
   end
 
   identities do
@@ -411,4 +434,60 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.User do
   #     forbid_if(always())
   #   end
   # end
+
+  @doc """
+  Returns the default role ID for new users.
+
+  This function is called automatically when creating a user without an explicit role_id.
+  It fetches the "Mitglied" role from the database without authorization checks
+  (safe during user creation bootstrap phase).
+
+  The result is cached in the process dictionary to avoid repeated database queries
+  during high-volume user creation. The cache is invalidated on application restart.
+
+  ## Bootstrap Safety
+
+  Only non-nil values are cached. If the role doesn't exist yet (e.g., before seeds run),
+  `nil` is not cached, allowing subsequent calls to retry after the role is created.
+  This prevents bootstrap issues where a process would be permanently stuck with `nil`
+  if the first call happens before the role exists.
+
+  ## Performance Note
+
+  This function makes one database query per process (cached in process dictionary).
+  For very high-volume scenarios, consider using a fixed UUID from Application config
+  instead of querying the database.
+
+  ## Returns
+
+  - UUID of the "Mitglied" role if it exists
+  - `nil` if the role doesn't exist (will cause validation error due to `allow_nil? false`)
+
+  ## Examples
+
+      iex> Mv.Accounts.User.default_role_id()
+      "019bf2e2-873a-7712-a7ce-a5a1f90c5f4f"
+  """
+  @spec default_role_id() :: Ecto.UUID.t() | nil
+  def default_role_id do
+    # Cache in process dictionary to avoid repeated queries
+    # IMPORTANT: Only cache non-nil values to avoid bootstrap issues.
+    # If the role doesn't exist yet (e.g., before seeds run), we don't cache nil
+    # so that subsequent calls can retry after the role is created.
+    case Process.get({__MODULE__, :default_role_id}) do
+      nil ->
+        role_id =
+          case Mv.Authorization.Role.get_mitglied_role() do
+            {:ok, %Mv.Authorization.Role{id: id}} -> id
+            _ -> nil
+          end
+
+        # Only cache non-nil values to allow retry if role is created later
+        if role_id, do: Process.put({__MODULE__, :default_role_id}, role_id)
+        role_id
+
+      cached_role_id ->
+        cached_role_id
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/mv/authorization/checks/has_permission.ex

@@ -348,12 +348,22 @@ defmodule Mv.Authorization.Checks.HasPermission do
       "Member" ->
         # User.member_id → Member.id (inverse relationship)
         # Filter: member.id == actor.member_id
+        # If actor has no member_id, return no results (use false or impossible condition)
+        if is_nil(actor.member_id) do
+          {:filter, expr(false)}
+        else
           {:filter, expr(id == ^actor.member_id)}
+        end
 
       "CustomFieldValue" ->
         # CustomFieldValue.member_id → Member.id → User.member_id
         # Filter: custom_field_value.member_id == actor.member_id
+        # If actor has no member_id, return no results
+        if is_nil(actor.member_id) do
+          {:filter, expr(false)}
+        else
           {:filter, expr(member_id == ^actor.member_id)}
+        end
 
       _ ->
         # Fallback for other resources

lib/mv/authorization/role.ex

@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ defmodule Mv.Authorization.Role do
       # Custom validations will still work
     end
 
+    create :create_role_with_system_flag do
+      description "Internal action to create roles, allowing `is_system_role` to be set. Used by seeds and migrations."
+      accept [:name, :description, :permission_set_name, :is_system_role]
+    end
+
     update :update_role do
       primary? true
       # is_system_role is intentionally excluded - should only be set via seeds/internal actions
@@ -139,4 +144,33 @@ defmodule Mv.Authorization.Role do
   identities do
     identity :unique_name, [:name]
   end
+
+  @doc """
+  Loads the "Mitglied" role without authorization (for bootstrap operations).
+
+  This is a helper function to avoid code duplication when loading the default
+  role in changes, migrations, and test setup.
+
+  ## Returns
+
+  - `{:ok, %Mv.Authorization.Role{}}` - The "Mitglied" role
+  - `{:ok, nil}` - Role doesn't exist
+  - `{:error, term()}` - Error during lookup
+
+  ## Examples
+
+      {:ok, mitglied_role} = Mv.Authorization.Role.get_mitglied_role()
+      # => {:ok, %Mv.Authorization.Role{name: "Mitglied", ...}}
+
+      {:ok, nil} = Mv.Authorization.Role.get_mitglied_role()
+      # => Role doesn't exist (e.g., in test environment before seeds run)
+  """
+  @spec get_mitglied_role() :: {:ok, t() | nil} | {:error, term()}
+  def get_mitglied_role do
+    require Ash.Query
+
+    __MODULE__
+    |> Ash.Query.filter(name == "Mitglied")
+    |> Ash.read_one(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization)
+  end
 end

lib/mv_web/live/user_live/form.ex

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ defmodule MvWeb.UserLive.Form do
   """
   use MvWeb, :live_view
 
+  require Jason
+
   import MvWeb.LiveHelpers, only: [current_actor: 1, submit_form: 3]
 
   @impl true
@@ -325,6 +327,7 @@ defmodule MvWeb.UserLive.Form do
   @impl true
   def handle_event("save", %{"user" => user_params}, socket) do
     actor = current_actor(socket)
+
     # First save the user without member changes
     case submit_form(socket.assigns.form, user_params, actor) do
       {:ok, user} ->

priv/repo/migrations/20260122231235_assign_mitglied_role_to_existing_users.exs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+defmodule Mv.Repo.Migrations.AssignMitgliedRoleToExistingUsers do
+  @moduledoc """
+  Assigns the "Mitglied" role to all existing users without a role.
+
+  This migration runs once during deployment to ensure all users have a role assigned.
+  New users will automatically get the "Mitglied" role via the role_id attribute's default function.
+  """
+  use Ecto.Migration
+  import Ecto.Query
+
+  def up do
+    # Find or create the "Mitglied" role
+    # This ensures the migration works even if seeds haven't run yet
+    mitglied_role_id =
+      case repo().one(
+             from(r in "roles",
+               where: r.name == "Mitglied",
+               select: r.id
+             )
+           ) do
+        nil ->
+          # Role doesn't exist - create it
+          # This is idempotent and safe because the role name is unique
+          # Use execute with SQL string to properly use uuid_generate_v7() function
+          execute("""
+            INSERT INTO roles (id, name, description, permission_set_name, is_system_role, inserted_at, updated_at)
+            VALUES (uuid_generate_v7(), 'Mitglied', 'Default member role with access to own data only', 'own_data', true, (now() AT TIME ZONE 'utc'), (now() AT TIME ZONE 'utc'))
+          """)
+
+          # Get the created role ID
+          role_id =
+            repo().one(
+              from(r in "roles",
+                where: r.name == "Mitglied",
+                select: r.id
+              )
+            )
+
+          IO.puts("✅ Created 'Mitglied' role (was missing)")
+          role_id
+
+        role_id ->
+          role_id
+      end
+
+    # Assign Mitglied role to all users without a role
+    {count, _} =
+      repo().update_all(
+        from(u in "users", where: is_nil(u.role_id)),
+        set: [role_id: mitglied_role_id]
+      )
+
+    IO.puts("✅ Assigned 'Mitglied' role to #{count} existing user(s)")
+  end
+
+  def down do
+    # Not reversible - we can't know which users had no role before
+    :ok
+  end
+end

priv/repo/migrations/20260125155125_add_not_null_constraint_to_users_role_id.exs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+defmodule Mv.Repo.Migrations.AddNotNullConstraintToUsersRoleId do
+  @moduledoc """
+  Adds NOT NULL constraint to users.role_id column.
+
+  This ensures that role_id can never be NULL at the database level,
+  providing an additional safety layer beyond Ash's allow_nil? false.
+
+  Before running this migration, ensure all existing users have a role_id
+  (the previous migration AssignMitgliedRoleToExistingUsers handles this).
+  """
+  use Ecto.Migration
+
+  def up do
+    # First ensure all users have a role_id (safety check)
+    # This should already be done by the previous migration, but we check anyway
+    execute("""
+      UPDATE users
+      SET role_id = (
+        SELECT id FROM roles WHERE name = 'Mitglied' LIMIT 1
+      )
+      WHERE role_id IS NULL
+    """)
+
+    # Now add NOT NULL constraint
+    alter table(:users) do
+      modify :role_id, :uuid, null: false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def down do
+    # Remove NOT NULL constraint (allow NULL again)
+    alter table(:users) do
+      modify :role_id, :uuid, null: true
+    end
+  end
+end

priv/repo/seeds.exs

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 
 alias Mv.Membership
 alias Mv.Accounts
-alias Mv.Authorization
 alias Mv.MembershipFees.MembershipFeeType
 alias Mv.MembershipFees.CycleGenerator
 
@@ -129,28 +128,79 @@ end
 # Get admin email from environment variable or use default
 admin_email = System.get_env("ADMIN_EMAIL") || "admin@localhost"
 
-# Create admin role (used for assigning to admin users)
-admin_role =
-  case Authorization.list_roles() do
-    {:ok, roles} ->
-      case Enum.find(roles, &(&1.name == "Admin" && &1.permission_set_name == "admin")) do
-        nil ->
-          # Create admin role if it doesn't exist
-          case Authorization.create_role(%{
+# Create all authorization roles (idempotent - creates only if they don't exist)
+# Roles are created using create_role_with_system_flag to allow setting is_system_role
+role_configs = [
+  %{
+    name: "Mitglied",
+    description: "Default member role with access to own data only",
+    permission_set_name: "own_data",
+    is_system_role: true
+  },
+  %{
+    name: "Vorstand",
+    description: "Board member with read access to all member data",
+    permission_set_name: "read_only",
+    is_system_role: false
+  },
+  %{
+    name: "Kassenwart",
+    description: "Treasurer with full member and payment management",
+    permission_set_name: "normal_user",
+    is_system_role: false
+  },
+  %{
+    name: "Buchhaltung",
+    description: "Accounting with read-only access for auditing",
+    permission_set_name: "read_only",
+    is_system_role: false
+  },
+  %{
     name: "Admin",
-                 description: "Administrator with full access",
-                 permission_set_name: "admin"
-               }) do
-            {:ok, role} -> role
-            {:error, _error} -> nil
+    description: "Administrator with unrestricted access",
+    permission_set_name: "admin",
+    is_system_role: false
+  }
+]
+
+# Create or update each role
+Enum.each(role_configs, fn role_data ->
+  # Bind role name to variable to avoid issues with ^ pinning in macros
+  role_name = role_data.name
+
+  case Mv.Authorization.Role
+       |> Ash.Query.filter(name == ^role_name)
+       |> Ash.read_one(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization) do
+    {:ok, existing_role} when not is_nil(existing_role) ->
+      # Role exists - update if needed (preserve is_system_role)
+      if existing_role.permission_set_name != role_data.permission_set_name or
+           existing_role.description != role_data.description do
+        existing_role
+        |> Ash.Changeset.for_update(:update_role, %{
+          description: role_data.description,
+          permission_set_name: role_data.permission_set_name
+        })
+        |> Ash.update!(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization)
       end
 
-        role ->
-          role
-      end
+    {:ok, nil} ->
+      # Role doesn't exist - create it
+      Mv.Authorization.Role
+      |> Ash.Changeset.for_create(:create_role_with_system_flag, role_data)
+      |> Ash.create!(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization)
 
-    {:error, _error} ->
-      nil
+    {:error, error} ->
+      IO.puts("Warning: Failed to check for role #{role_data.name}: #{inspect(error)}")
+  end
+end)
+
+# Get admin role for assignment to admin user
+admin_role =
+  case Mv.Authorization.Role
+       |> Ash.Query.filter(name == "Admin")
+       |> Ash.read_one(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization) do
+    {:ok, role} when not is_nil(role) -> role
+    _ -> nil
   end
 
 if is_nil(admin_role) do

priv/resource_snapshots/repo/members/20260125155125.json

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+{
+  "attributes": [
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": false,
+      "default": "fragment(\"uuid_generate_v7()\")",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": true,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "id",
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "first_name",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "last_name",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": false,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "email",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "join_date",
+      "type": "date"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "exit_date",
+      "type": "date"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "notes",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "city",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "street",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "house_number",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "postal_code",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "search_vector",
+      "type": "tsvector"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "membership_fee_start_date",
+      "type": "date"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": {
+        "deferrable": false,
+        "destination_attribute": "id",
+        "destination_attribute_default": null,
+        "destination_attribute_generated": null,
+        "index?": false,
+        "match_type": null,
+        "match_with": null,
+        "multitenancy": {
+          "attribute": null,
+          "global": null,
+          "strategy": null
+        },
+        "name": "members_membership_fee_type_id_fkey",
+        "on_delete": null,
+        "on_update": null,
+        "primary_key?": true,
+        "schema": "public",
+        "table": "membership_fee_types"
+      },
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "membership_fee_type_id",
+      "type": "uuid"
+    }
+  ],
+  "base_filter": null,
+  "check_constraints": [],
+  "custom_indexes": [],
+  "custom_statements": [],
+  "has_create_action": true,
+  "hash": "107B69E0A6FDBE7FAE4B1EABBF3E8C3B1F004B8D96B3759C95071169288968CC",
+  "identities": [
+    {
+      "all_tenants?": false,
+      "base_filter": null,
+      "index_name": "members_unique_email_index",
+      "keys": [
+        {
+          "type": "atom",
+          "value": "email"
+        }
+      ],
+      "name": "unique_email",
+      "nils_distinct?": true,
+      "where": null
+    }
+  ],
+  "multitenancy": {
+    "attribute": null,
+    "global": null,
+    "strategy": null
+  },
+  "repo": "Elixir.Mv.Repo",
+  "schema": null,
+  "table": "members"
+}

priv/resource_snapshots/repo/users/20260125155125.json

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+{
+  "attributes": [
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": false,
+      "default": "fragment(\"gen_random_uuid()\")",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": true,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "id",
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": false,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "email",
+      "type": "citext"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "hashed_password",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": null,
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "oidc_id",
+      "type": "text"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": false,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": {
+        "deferrable": false,
+        "destination_attribute": "id",
+        "destination_attribute_default": null,
+        "destination_attribute_generated": null,
+        "index?": false,
+        "match_type": null,
+        "match_with": null,
+        "multitenancy": {
+          "attribute": null,
+          "global": null,
+          "strategy": null
+        },
+        "name": "users_role_id_fkey",
+        "on_delete": "restrict",
+        "on_update": null,
+        "primary_key?": true,
+        "schema": "public",
+        "table": "roles"
+      },
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "role_id",
+      "type": "uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "allow_nil?": true,
+      "default": "nil",
+      "generated?": false,
+      "precision": null,
+      "primary_key?": false,
+      "references": {
+        "deferrable": false,
+        "destination_attribute": "id",
+        "destination_attribute_default": null,
+        "destination_attribute_generated": null,
+        "index?": false,
+        "match_type": null,
+        "match_with": null,
+        "multitenancy": {
+          "attribute": null,
+          "global": null,
+          "strategy": null
+        },
+        "name": "users_member_id_fkey",
+        "on_delete": "nilify",
+        "on_update": null,
+        "primary_key?": true,
+        "schema": "public",
+        "table": "members"
+      },
+      "scale": null,
+      "size": null,
+      "source": "member_id",
+      "type": "uuid"
+    }
+  ],
+  "base_filter": null,
+  "check_constraints": [],
+  "custom_indexes": [],
+  "custom_statements": [],
+  "has_create_action": true,
+  "hash": "3E8D3C1A8834053B947F08369B81216A0B13019E5FD6FBFB706968FABA49EC06",
+  "identities": [
+    {
+      "all_tenants?": false,
+      "base_filter": null,
+      "index_name": "users_unique_email_index",
+      "keys": [
+        {
+          "type": "atom",
+          "value": "email"
+        }
+      ],
+      "name": "unique_email",
+      "nils_distinct?": true,
+      "where": null
+    },
+    {
+      "all_tenants?": false,
+      "base_filter": null,
+      "index_name": "users_unique_member_index",
+      "keys": [
+        {
+          "type": "atom",
+          "value": "member_id"
+        }
+      ],
+      "name": "unique_member",
+      "nils_distinct?": true,
+      "where": null
+    },
+    {
+      "all_tenants?": false,
+      "base_filter": null,
+      "index_name": "users_unique_oidc_id_index",
+      "keys": [
+        {
+          "type": "atom",
+          "value": "oidc_id"
+        }
+      ],
+      "name": "unique_oidc_id",
+      "nils_distinct?": true,
+      "where": null
+    }
+  ],
+  "multitenancy": {
+    "attribute": null,
+    "global": null,
+    "strategy": null
+  },
+  "repo": "Elixir.Mv.Repo",
+  "schema": null,
+  "table": "users"
+}

test/mv/accounts/user_policies_test.exs

@@ -354,9 +354,14 @@ defmodule Mv.Accounts.UserPoliciesTest do
         })
         |> Ash.Changeset.set_context(%{private: %{ash_authentication?: true}})
 
-      {:ok, user} = Ash.create(changeset)
+      {:ok, user} = Ash.create(changeset, domain: Mv.Accounts)
 
       assert user.email
+
+      # Verify that default "Mitglied" role was assigned
+      {:ok, user_with_role} = Ash.load(user, :role, domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+      assert user_with_role.role != nil
+      assert user_with_role.role.name == "Mitglied"
     end
 
     test "register_with_rauthy works without actor via AshAuthentication bypass" do

test/mv/helpers/system_actor_test.exs

@@ -265,16 +265,10 @@ defmodule Mv.Helpers.SystemActorTest do
   end
 
   describe "edge cases" do
-    test "raises error if admin user has no role", %{admin_user: admin_user} do
-      system_actor = SystemActor.get_system_actor()
-
-      # Remove role from admin user
-      admin_user
-      |> Ash.Changeset.for_update(:update, %{})
-      |> Ash.Changeset.manage_relationship(:role, nil, type: :append_and_remove)
-      |> Ash.update!(actor: system_actor)
-
-      # Delete system user to force fallback
+    test "raises error if admin user has invalid role (role loading fails)", %{
+      admin_user: admin_user
+    } do
+      # Delete system user to force fallback to admin user
       system_actor = SystemActor.get_system_actor()
 
       case Accounts.User
@@ -287,12 +281,29 @@ defmodule Mv.Helpers.SystemActorTest do
           :ok
       end
 
-      SystemActor.invalidate_cache()
+      # Test that NOT NULL + FK constraints prevent setting role_id to NULL
+      # We verify this by attempting to set role_id to NULL and expecting a constraint violation
+      admin_user_id = Ecto.UUID.cast!(admin_user.id)
+      admin_user_id_binary = Ecto.UUID.dump!(admin_user_id)
 
-      # Should raise error because admin user has no role
-      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/System actor must have a role assigned/, fn ->
-        SystemActor.get_system_actor()
+      # Attempting to set role_id to NULL should fail due to NOT NULL constraint
+      assert_raise Postgrex.Error,
+                   ~r/null value in column.*role_id.*violates not-null constraint/i,
+                   fn ->
+                     Ecto.Adapters.SQL.query!(
+                       Mv.Repo,
+                       """
+                         UPDATE users
+                         SET role_id = NULL
+                         WHERE id = $1::uuid
+                       """,
+                       [admin_user_id_binary]
+                     )
                    end
+
+      # Note: With NOT NULL + FK constraints, we can't test the "no role" case directly
+      # because the database prevents it. This is the desired behavior - the constraints
+      # guarantee that role_id is always valid.
     end
 
     test "handles concurrent calls without race conditions" do
@@ -368,21 +379,32 @@ defmodule Mv.Helpers.SystemActorTest do
       end
     end
 
-    test "raises error if system user has no role", %{system_user: system_user} do
-      system_actor = SystemActor.get_system_actor()
+    test "raises error if system user has invalid role (role loading fails)", %{
+      system_user: system_user
+    } do
+      # Test that NOT NULL + FK constraints prevent setting role_id to NULL
+      # We verify this by attempting to set role_id to NULL and expecting a constraint violation
+      system_user_id = Ecto.UUID.cast!(system_user.id)
+      system_user_id_binary = Ecto.UUID.dump!(system_user_id)
 
-      # Remove role from system user
-      system_user
-      |> Ash.Changeset.for_update(:update, %{})
-      |> Ash.Changeset.manage_relationship(:role, nil, type: :append_and_remove)
-      |> Ash.update!(actor: system_actor)
+      # Attempting to set role_id to NULL should fail due to NOT NULL constraint
+      assert_raise Postgrex.Error,
+                   ~r/null value in column.*role_id.*violates not-null constraint/i,
+                   fn ->
+                     Ecto.Adapters.SQL.query!(
+                       Mv.Repo,
+                       """
+                         UPDATE users
+                         SET role_id = NULL
+                         WHERE id = $1::uuid
+                       """,
+                       [system_user_id_binary]
+                     )
+                   end
 
-      SystemActor.invalidate_cache()
-
-      # Should raise error because system user has no role
-      assert_raise RuntimeError, ~r/System actor must have a role assigned/, fn ->
-        SystemActor.get_system_actor()
-      end
+      # Note: With NOT NULL + FK constraints, we can't test the "no role" case directly
+      # because the database prevents it. This is the desired behavior - the constraints
+      # guarantee that role_id is always valid.
     end
   end
 end

test/seeds_test.exs

@@ -121,4 +121,140 @@ defmodule Mv.SeedsTest do
       assert :suspended in all_cycle_statuses, "At least one cycle should be suspended"
     end
   end
+
+  describe "Authorization roles (from seeds)" do
+    test "creates all 5 authorization roles with correct permission sets" do
+      # Run seeds once for this test
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+      {:ok, roles} = Ash.read(Mv.Authorization.Role, domain: Mv.Authorization, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert length(roles) >= 5, "Should have at least 5 roles"
+
+      # Check each role
+      role_configs = [
+        {"Mitglied", "own_data", true},
+        {"Vorstand", "read_only", false},
+        {"Kassenwart", "normal_user", false},
+        {"Buchhaltung", "read_only", false},
+        {"Admin", "admin", false}
+      ]
+
+      Enum.each(role_configs, fn {name, perm_set, is_system} ->
+        role = Enum.find(roles, &(&1.name == name))
+        assert role, "Role #{name} should exist"
+        assert role.permission_set_name == perm_set
+        assert role.is_system_role == is_system
+      end)
+    end
+
+    test "Mitglied role is marked as system role" do
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      {:ok, mitglied} =
+        Mv.Authorization.Role
+        |> Ash.Query.filter(name == "Mitglied")
+        |> Ash.read_one(domain: Mv.Authorization, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert mitglied.is_system_role == true
+    end
+
+    test "all roles have valid permission_set_names" do
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      {:ok, roles} = Ash.read(Mv.Authorization.Role, domain: Mv.Authorization, authorize?: false)
+
+      valid_sets =
+        Mv.Authorization.PermissionSets.all_permission_sets()
+        |> Enum.map(&Atom.to_string/1)
+
+      Enum.each(roles, fn role ->
+        assert role.permission_set_name in valid_sets,
+               "Role #{role.name} has invalid permission_set_name: #{role.permission_set_name}"
+      end)
+    end
+
+    test "assigns Admin role to ADMIN_EMAIL user" do
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      admin_email = System.get_env("ADMIN_EMAIL") || "admin@localhost"
+
+      {:ok, admin_user} =
+        Mv.Accounts.User
+        |> Ash.Query.filter(email == ^admin_email)
+        |> Ash.read_one(domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_user != nil, "Admin user should exist after seeds run"
+
+      {:ok, admin_user_with_role} =
+        Ash.load(admin_user, :role, domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_user_with_role.role != nil, "Admin user should have a role assigned"
+      assert admin_user_with_role.role.name == "Admin"
+      assert admin_user_with_role.role.permission_set_name == "admin"
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "Authorization role assignment" do
+    test "does not change role of users who already have a role" do
+      # Seeds once (creates Admin with Admin role)
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      admin_email = System.get_env("ADMIN_EMAIL") || "admin@localhost"
+
+      {:ok, admin_user} =
+        Mv.Accounts.User
+        |> Ash.Query.filter(email == ^admin_email)
+        |> Ash.read_one(domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_user != nil, "Admin user should exist after seeds run"
+
+      {:ok, admin_user_with_role} =
+        Ash.load(admin_user, :role, domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_user_with_role.role != nil, "Admin user should have a role assigned"
+      original_role_id = admin_user_with_role.role_id
+      assert admin_user_with_role.role.name == "Admin"
+
+      # Seeds again
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      # Admin reloaded
+      {:ok, admin_reloaded} =
+        Mv.Accounts.User
+        |> Ash.Query.filter(email == ^admin_email)
+        |> Ash.read_one(domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_reloaded != nil, "Admin user should still exist after re-running seeds"
+
+      {:ok, admin_reloaded_with_role} =
+        Ash.load(admin_reloaded, :role, domain: Mv.Accounts, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert admin_reloaded_with_role.role != nil,
+             "Admin user should still have a role after re-running seeds"
+
+      assert admin_reloaded_with_role.role_id == original_role_id
+      assert admin_reloaded_with_role.role.name == "Admin"
+    end
+
+    test "role creation is idempotent" do
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      {:ok, roles_1} =
+        Ash.read(Mv.Authorization.Role, domain: Mv.Authorization, authorize?: false)
+
+      Code.eval_file("priv/repo/seeds.exs")
+
+      {:ok, roles_2} =
+        Ash.read(Mv.Authorization.Role, domain: Mv.Authorization, authorize?: false)
+
+      assert length(roles_1) == length(roles_2),
+             "Role count should remain same after re-running seeds"
+
+      # Each role should appear exactly once
+      role_names = Enum.map(roles_2, & &1.name)
+
+      assert length(role_names) == length(Enum.uniq(role_names)),
+             "Each role name should appear exactly once"
+    end
+  end
 end

test/support/data_case.ex

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ defmodule Mv.DataCase do
 
   use ExUnit.CaseTemplate
 
+  require Ash.Query
+
   using do
     quote do
       alias Mv.Repo
@@ -29,6 +31,10 @@ defmodule Mv.DataCase do
 
   setup tags do
     Mv.DataCase.setup_sandbox(tags)
+    # Ensure "Mitglied" role exists for default role assignment to work in tests
+    # Note: This runs in every test because each test runs in a sandboxed database.
+    # The check is fast (single query) and idempotent (skips if role exists).
+    Mv.DataCase.ensure_default_role()
     :ok
   end
 
@@ -42,6 +48,36 @@ defmodule Mv.DataCase do
     pid
   end
 
+  @doc """
+  Ensures the default "Mitglied" role exists in the test database.
+
+  This is necessary because the role_id attribute's default function expects this role to exist.
+  Tests run in sandbox mode, so the role needs to be created for each test.
+  """
+  def ensure_default_role do
+    # Check if "Mitglied" role already exists
+    case Mv.Authorization.Role.get_mitglied_role() do
+      {:ok, nil} ->
+        # Create the role if it doesn't exist
+        Mv.Authorization.Role
+        |> Ash.Changeset.for_create(:create_role_with_system_flag, %{
+          name: "Mitglied",
+          description: "Default member role with access to own data only",
+          permission_set_name: "own_data",
+          is_system_role: true
+        })
+        |> Ash.create!(authorize?: false, domain: Mv.Authorization)
+
+      {:ok, _role} ->
+        # Role already exists, do nothing
+        :ok
+
+      {:error, _error} ->
+        # Ignore errors (e.g., in tests that don't need roles)
+        :ok
+    end
+  end
+
   @doc """
   A helper that transforms changeset errors into a map of messages.
 

test/support/fixtures.ex

@@ -182,6 +182,56 @@ defmodule Mv.Fixtures do
     user_with_role
   end
 
+  @doc """
+  Creates a user with password authentication and a specific role.
+
+  This is useful for tests that need to use password-based registration
+  but also require the user to have a role for authorization.
+
+  ## Parameters
+    - `email` - User email (defaults to unique generated email)
+    - `password` - User password (defaults to "testpassword123")
+    - `permission_set_name` - The permission set name (defaults to "own_data")
+
+  ## Returns
+    - User struct with role preloaded
+
+  ## Examples
+
+      iex> user = password_user_with_role_fixture()
+      iex> user.role.permission_set_name
+      "own_data"
+
+  """
+  def password_user_with_role_fixture(opts \\ %{}) do
+    email = Map.get(opts, :email, "user#{System.unique_integer([:positive])}@example.com")
+    password = Map.get(opts, :password, "testpassword123")
+    permission_set_name = Map.get(opts, :permission_set_name, "own_data")
+
+    # Create role with permission set
+    role = role_fixture(permission_set_name)
+
+    # Create user with password (without password_confirmation as it's optional)
+    {:ok, user} =
+      Mv.Accounts.User
+      |> Ash.Changeset.for_create(:register_with_password, %{
+        email: email,
+        password: password
+      })
+      |> Ash.create()
+
+    # Assign role to user
+    {:ok, user} =
+      user
+      |> Ash.Changeset.for_update(:update, %{})
+      |> Ash.Changeset.manage_relationship(:role, role, type: :append_and_remove)
+      |> Ash.update()
+
+    # Reload user with role preloaded
+    {:ok, user_with_role} = Ash.load(user, :role, domain: Mv.Accounts)
+    user_with_role
+  end
+
   @doc """
   Creates a member with an actor (for use in tests with policies).